of fallout shelters, to be "tied into a broad pattern of organization for the emergency and its aftermath." Construction of blast shelters in cities was not recommended for the time being, although research in depth on blast protection was recommended.

	   While the Gaither report was classified for more than 15 years after its submission in 1957, another report by a prestigious panel, stressing the need for civil defense, was published 1n completely unclassified form in 1958. This was the report by the Special Studies Project of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, "international Security, The Military Aspect." The Rockefeller Report devoted a chapter to civil defense, urging that it be ". . . considered as part of the over-all U.S. strategic posture," and recommending that a fallout shelter program be undertaken. Blast shelters, as in the Gaither report, were commended for careful study.

	3. The 1958 Organizational Changes
	
	   The Gaither report failed to result in a program for construction of fallout shelters, but two organizational changes did ensue. FCDA and the Office of Defense Mobilization were merged into a new agency, the Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization, located in the Executive Office of the President. (OCDM was responsible to administer 1950 legislation for relief following major peacetime disasters, as FCDA had done since 1953.) Also, the Federal Civil Defense Act was amended in 1958, to make civil defense a joint responsibility of the Federal Government and of the States and their political subdivisions. Matching- fund authority was broadened to include the salaries and expenses of State and local civil defense staffs.

B. The 1960's

	1. Civil Defense Responsibility Moved to DoD

	   Research during the latter 1950's disclosed the value, in terms of added survivors, of fallout protection provided by existing buildings. A practical and low-cost answer to at least part of the fallout problem appeared within reach.

	   Moved by the Berlin crisis, the President decided in 1961 to initiate a program to provide fallout shelter for the entire population. Also, responsibility for civil defense functions was transferred to the Secretary of Defense, who established the Office of Civil Defense (OCD), while defense-mobilization and peacetime-disaster relief functions were assigned to the Office of Emergency Preparedness, in the Executive Office of the President. The transfer of civil defense to the Department of Defense carried with it a budget proposal calling for "an accelerated program in the field of civil defense."

	   The principal reasons adduced for the transfer of civil defense functions were that the Secretary of Defense was responsible for